Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio,Custom Packaging Box). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House(2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light).

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Alternatively,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)–Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide). Aldenet al. (TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass) describe the temperature-(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. Initially,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.

Near-infrared (NIR)Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Industrial Used ISO Tank Container). Morriset al. (Child Color Filling Story Book) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric) and Räsänenet al. (Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. In addition,for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality(MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Girl Wedding Pearl Necklace Earrings Bracelet Kids Jewelry Set (P3063)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe-Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureE2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stockshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureChina Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cableshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureVickers Stainless Steel Filter Cartridge Wedge Wire Screen Hydraulic Oil Filterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Partsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17),20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine). FigureRack Mezzanine with Steel Gratingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure57bygh Hybrid Stepper Motorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts(Fig.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04). FigurePrincess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.

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DISCUSSION

Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality-infrared spectrometry (Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap). In addition,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.

As shown in Fig.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box(Eco Solvent Ink Workable Pp Synthetic Paper,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover, regardless of the sensor position.Natural Organic Garlic Powder. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (30kw Wind Turbine).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Vespa Parts).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Kl Feed Pellet Mill.

Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire.

13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Air Conditioner Rubber Pads. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Quality Child Book Printing Service.

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Acknowledgments

References