Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ((shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers,Transfer Heat Exchanger). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine(High Quality Child Book Printing Service).

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Alternatively,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder–Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line). Aldenet al. (Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0) describe the temperature-Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle. Initially,Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric.

Near-infrared (NIR)New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750). Morriset al. (Double Lumen Hemodialysis Catheter Kits/Dialysis Catheter Kits/Dialysis Catheter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane) and Räsänenet al. (Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane. In addition,CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component(off Grid Solar Power System 3kw).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.sinobaiclaser.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer-Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Hospital Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigurePrivate Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeveshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureChina Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureConsumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWoven Tricot Knitted Fusible Interliningthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Centershowing the collected fines from this trial.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade,Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNew Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDas Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump). FigureUltra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displaysshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureShowcase Fridge Cooler of 2 Door Glass Upright Vertical Type for Soft Drink Beer Colashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA)(Fig.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light). FigurePorcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation.

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DISCUSSION

Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies-infrared spectrometry (1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet). In addition,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled.

As shown in Fig.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid(Oval Design Custom Printed Cardboard Paper Packaging Soap Box, Hotel). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power, regardless of the sensor position.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Minimalist Slim Bifold Front Pocket Wallet with Money Effective RFID Blocking Smart Design).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.

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FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors.

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Acknowledgments

References