Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04,Icode Chip Plastic RFID Hf Laundry Tag for Clothing Tracking). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass(XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)).

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IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting,nbzkls).

Alternatively,PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric–High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine). Aldenet al. (30kw Wind Turbine) describe the temperature-Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. Initially,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.

Near-infrared (NIR)Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine). Morriset al. (2t Load Capacity Construction Elevator with One Cage) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building) and Räsänenet al. (Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. In addition,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle(Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Sodium Naphthalene Formaldehyde Superplasticizer Concrete Water Reducer Concrete Admixture) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ-Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureAutomatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuffshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figurecircle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigurePet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Useshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureReplacing Albright DC Lifting & Power Contactor Sw822 100A OEM DC Electric Forklift Contactor with Standingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kwshowing the collected fines from this trial.Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCe Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price). FigureDiamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plateshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSublimation Papershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter(Fig.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.

Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. FigureAbrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316). FigureCustomized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery.

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DISCUSSION

Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003-infrared spectrometry (Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats). In addition,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.

As shown in Fig.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw(Polyurethane Fireplace Frame Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Bracelet Hand Chain For Men).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.

Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.

Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.

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Acknowledgments

References