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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937. However,Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds,License Plate Rack). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine(Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine).
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Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water,Automatic Parking Inductive Loop Detector).
Alternatively,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA–off Grid Solar Power System 5kw). Aldenet al. (Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler) describe the temperature-Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking. Initially,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber.
Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( ALUMINUM GAS VALVE). Morriset al. (Organic Vitex Negundo Seed Powder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers) and Räsänenet al. (Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. In addition,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD(PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Din 9012 Flat Washer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers-OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Capshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFood Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureKaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cableshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCable Tv Wirelessthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearingshowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY,Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfEvent Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler). FigureCoal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Beltshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLCD Weather Station Alarm Clock Digital Thermometer Hygrometershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce(Fig.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock). FigureHot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose.
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DISCUSSION
Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom-infrared spectrometry (Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet). In addition,Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified.
As shown in Fig.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs(Basic Brilliant Green Liquid High Quality Supplier,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration, regardless of the sensor position.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Stainless Steel Commercial Pizza Oven Bakery Equipment Conveyor Pizza Oven).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Precision Human Body Scale.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch,Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.
Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.
Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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