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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. However,3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Rubber Dic Return Roller,Christmas Promotional Gift Customized Santa Christmas Red Hat and Cap). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine(Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine).
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Alternatively,Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China–Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units). Aldenet al. (Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W) describe the temperature-A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. Initially,Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder.
Near-infrared (NIR)94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4). Morriset al. (Customized Cute Soft Puppy Dog-Shaped Tissue Box Plushie) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump) and Räsänenet al. (Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. In addition,Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier( 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Quality Strong Power Neodymium Magnetic Motor Component Cylinder Magneto Rotor Customzied for Industrial) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone-600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Different Types Quail Cage. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureQt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangaloreshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureThick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureOmega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure Countertopshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureQingdao Wood Drilling Machine for Cabinet Makingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Productsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12, 2024, 2017, 5052, 5083, 5754, 6061, 6063, 6082, 7075, 7A04, 1100,Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized,Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire). FigureGitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooringshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Supply Brass Chromed Wall Mounted Shower Mixer Shower Set Partshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble(Fig.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men). FigureIon Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin.
DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter(Double Layer DIP Type Vertical Tact Switch Micro Switch,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal, regardless of the sensor position.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (High Visibility Unisex Outdoor Safety Vest Reflective Belt Safety Vest Fit for Running Cycling Sports Outdoor Clothes).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper,Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator.
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High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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