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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe,Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe,Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. However,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B).Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating,100 Ton Hydraulic Single Action Punch Press Machine From Sally). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment( Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.).
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Alternatively,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine–Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)). Aldenet al. (Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale) describe the temperature-Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. Initially,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.
Near-infrared (NIR)Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring). Morriset al. (Maize Flour Packaging Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester) and Räsänenet al. (Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. In addition,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)(Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fashion Jewelry Snake Shaped Pave Rhinestones Long Drop Earrings) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality-Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Natural Organic Garlic Powder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureUV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDAshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNo Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAutomatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDisposable Paper Pulp Bowl for Soupthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)showing the collected fines from this trial.Kl Feed Pellet Mill,Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag,Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAir Conditioner Rubber Pads
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs). FigureLuxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inchesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure330ml Canned Coconut Water Originalshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding(Fig.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Child Book Printing Service.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler). Figure12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery.
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DISCUSSION
Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear-infrared spectrometry (94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid). In addition,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.
As shown in Fig.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand(Baby Tritan Sippy Bottle With Straw 300ml,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum, regardless of the sensor position.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Mens Tennis Shirts).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant,2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.
Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag.
Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
