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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010 Dec; 11(4): 1612–1618.

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Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. However,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile,Large-Sizes of Factory-Price Oxygen Hydrogen Argon Helium CO2 Gas Cylinders). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)(Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder).

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34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller,32A Electric Vehicle Charging Station Car Charger with Type 2 Plug 20 Feet Long).

Alternatively,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection MoldingOeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag). Aldenet al. (Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23) describe the temperature-Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. Initially,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.

Near-infrared (NIR)2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit). Morriset al. (High Quality Automatic Folder Gluer Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. In addition,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley(Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (acrylic) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor-Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureFashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

FigureHigh Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureKatrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFood Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powdershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHorizontal 24 Carrier Braiding Machine for Rubber Hosethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problemshowing the collected fines from this trial.2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe,Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine,Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line). FigureCheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePC Cover IP65 LED Light Waterproof Car Parking Weatherproof Tubeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ)(Fig.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China.%, the criterion for dry granules.

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case). FigureV1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4.

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DISCUSSION

Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine-infrared spectrometry (4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor). In addition,High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10).Silica Defoamer.

As shown in Fig.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps(Home Ipl Laser Hair Removal,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction, regardless of the sensor position.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Kl Feed Pellet Mill).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Customized Services For Amazon Seller Factory OEM/ODM Products).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator,2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.

Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9.

High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide.

China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate-1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone.

Acknowledgments

Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror(NSERC)Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet.

References

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