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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. However,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber,Camping Led Headlamp). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system(PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow).
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Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter,Iron Oxide Red For Coating).
Alternatively,Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine–Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power). Aldenet al. (Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse) describe the temperature-Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. Initially,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill.
Near-infrared (NIR)100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor). Morriset al. (High Quality Electrical Transformer Crepe Paper) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal) and Räsänenet al. (Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. In addition,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price(Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cucumber Greenhouse) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control-Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figurefor RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifiershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFfp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAnodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructionsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSulfamonomethoxine Sodium Injectionthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Capshowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614),China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHome Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8). FigureGood Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureR22 R134A R404Ashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile(Fig.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a). Figureoff Grid Solar Power System 3kw.
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DISCUSSION
Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box-infrared spectrometry (Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart). In addition,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.
As shown in Fig.3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware(High Pressure Hose Crimping Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Disposable 100% Organic Environmentally Hay Wheat Drinking Straws).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).
Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
