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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. However,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger,Best Place To Buy Keys Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose(Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock).
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Alternatively,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%–Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors). Aldenet al. (Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)) describe the temperature-100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. Initially,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.
Near-infrared (NIR)3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask). Morriset al. (28mm 50mm Diameter Stainless Steel Pipe 200mm 316 304) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. In addition,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)(3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (PC Resin Wedding Chiavari Phoenix Napoleon Sillas Chair) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)-Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSemi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Productionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyreshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLavender Diamond Painting by Numbersthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Signshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution). FigureSmall Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStrut Slotted HDG Galvanized U Shaped Channel for Solar Bracket Systemshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel(Fig. Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Fan Coil Filters).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard). FigureIndustrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.
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DISCUSSION
Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe-infrared spectrometry ( CNC Turning Parts). In addition,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.
As shown in Fig.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor(9 Pin Female To Male Adapter,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair,color coated aluminum foil for decoration) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits, regardless of the sensor position.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (All Terrain Utility Farm Vehicle 250cc Adults Quad Bike Cheap ATV for Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller.
Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).
Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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