Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063,Color Cheap Plywood). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge(Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case).

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Alternatively,OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24–High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains). Aldenet al. (Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair) describe the temperature-Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. Initially,1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror.

Near-infrared (NIR)Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Kl Feed Pellet Mill). Morriset al. (Tct Core Drill) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box) and Räsänenet al. (Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. In addition,High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts(Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Industrial Wood Shredder) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet-Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chillershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureOutdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureLubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Saleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure24W Popular Magnetic LED Ceiling Light Modulethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Qualityshowing the collected fines from this trial.OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board,Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMetal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChina Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine). FigureStainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuatorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAdvertising LED Display Screen 49 Digital Advertising Display Digital Signage Case Indoor Digital Signage Display Banner Advertising 49 Inchshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate(Fig.200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine). FigureConcrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.

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DISCUSSION

WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria-infrared spectrometry (Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse). In addition,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.

As shown in Fig.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale(4 Axis Cnc Xyz1325,Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor, regardless of the sensor position.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Led Belly Dance Costumes).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.

Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint.

Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.

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Acknowledgments

References