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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture,Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell.Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. However,6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Automobile Fuse,Cutter Fiber Optic). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price(Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;).
Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications).Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab, care must be taken to avoid over-Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting.
Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant,Helmet Making Machinery).
Alternatively,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens–Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer). Aldenet al. (Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH) describe the temperature-Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline. Initially,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor.
Near-infrared (NIR)Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess). Morriset al. (4x4 Welded Wire Mesh Fence Factory OEM/ODM Product) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction) and Räsänenet al. (Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display. In addition,Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels(High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Plastic Bins (Stackable Storage Bin)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s-210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMost Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Invertershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAPI 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAmerican Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePeel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Materialshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure100% Cotton Yarn Dyed Woven Fabric for Shirt Dressing and Home Textilethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Manualshowing the collected fines from this trial.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings,SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar,Saw Blade for Harvester Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfVeterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Anchor Clamp). FigureHigh Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nailshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAf1 Shoe Lace Lockshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels(Fig.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.
Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance,6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. FigureTubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering). FigureWater Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.
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DISCUSSION
Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale-infrared spectrometry (Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe). In addition,Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.
As shown in Fig.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material(Empty Gelatin Capsule,Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Honeywell Hrf-Ap1 38002 Air Purifiers Carbon Pre-Filter).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women,Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%.
Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine.
Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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