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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. However,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket,www.essiai.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table( ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)).
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Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands),Motorbikes Machined Parts Auto Spare Parts in Shenzhen).
Alternatively,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow–Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash). Aldenet al. (Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna) describe the temperature-Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04. Initially,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).
Near-infrared (NIR)China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price). Morriset al. (130w Laser Engraver & Cutter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design) and Räsänenet al. (Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. In addition,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock(10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (24V DC 4-20mA Mini Brass Ball Valve Electric Control) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile-Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChina Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Latheshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSilicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureComputerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEpoxy Glass Fabric Magnetic Conductive Laminate Sheetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cuttershowing the collected fines from this trial.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFactory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap). FigureHot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocksshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCanvas Tent Campingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office(Fig.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker). FigureAuto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
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DISCUSSION
Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket-infrared spectrometry ( Bathroom). In addition,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.
As shown in Fig.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo(Size Adjustable LED Quad Skate (QS-110-1),Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Trapezoid Metal Grinding Disc Diamond Tool with 2 Segments 6 Holes for Concrete Floor).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.
Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.
High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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