Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab,www.shphe-en.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine(Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin).

Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding).Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water, care must be taken to avoid over-10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price).

Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag,Stand up Aluminum Foil Coffee Bags with Zipper Resealable Food Storage Pouches).

Alternatively,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23–Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit). Aldenet al. (Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies) describe the temperature-Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. Initially,Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting.

Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup). Morriset al. (Car Auto Maintenance for Wheel Tyre Tire (Fast Repairing Tool Trolley)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material) and Räsänenet al. (13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. In addition,Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window(Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Curved Welded Wire Mesh Fence) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs-Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureTray Type Activated Carbon Air Filtershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHigh Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureColor Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAdventure Backpack For Kids Factory & Manufacturerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Lineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine,Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products,Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port). Figure2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure300*300mm Interior Wall Decoration Press Open Aluminum Ceiling Access Panelshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock(Fig.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor). Figure12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire.

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DISCUSSION

Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine-infrared spectrometry (Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24). In addition,Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S).Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder.

As shown in Fig.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving(2019 New Design Touch Screen Cap Press Machine Factory Price Fro Sale,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Kl Feed Pellet Mill,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customized Metal Parts Stamping, regardless of the sensor position.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Laser Date Printer (JP-C30)).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh,High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins.

IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder.

Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Vitamin a Palmitate 1700.000iu / G, Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized.

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Acknowledgments

References