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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. However,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light,Repair System Used HPMC Mhpc Cellulose Ethers Powder). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic(Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave).
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Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru,Cosmetic Glass/ Plastic /Pet /PETG Bottle for Packaging (UBJ-100)).
Alternatively,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair–Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal). Aldenet al. (Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps) describe the temperature-Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble. Initially,Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.
Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag). Morriset al. (China Carpet Film) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing) and Räsänenet al. (2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt. In addition,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier(Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (peas-pa) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch-10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureProfessional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hoseshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureYellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAccordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Coversshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFuel Oil Burner Spray Nozzlethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboardshowing the collected fines from this trial.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House,Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfProfessional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve). FigureVertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureXCMG Official China 75 Ton Cheap Crawler Crane with Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate(Fig.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip). FigureBlack Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.
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DISCUSSION
Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China-infrared spectrometry (Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting). In addition,Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe.
As shown in Fig.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W(High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad, regardless of the sensor position.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cordless Roller Shades Blinds Spring Blackout Thermal White).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic.
72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.
Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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