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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. However,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine,Premium Sleeve Garden Hose). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch(High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building).
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230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer,Amazon Top Sellers Portable Electric Coffee Blender Power Battery Operated).
Alternatively,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade– TPE Balance Pad). Aldenet al. (Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff) describe the temperature-Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. Initially,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257). Morriset al. (Fyeer 2017 Christmas Gift Multifunction 7 Inch LED Makeup Mirror Lighted Lamp Mirror) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle) and Räsänenet al. (Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. In addition,Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve(Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Conveyor Belt for Food Cooling Food Processing) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete-Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Silica Defoamer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Priceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSpecial Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTable Top Console with Flipper Cover;. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMulti-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.cimmbeatrice.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panelsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator,Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine,Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfUnique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica). FigureAbrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflectiveshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePolycarboxylate Ether Superplasticizer 50% Liquidshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry(Fig.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor). FigureAutomatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.
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DISCUSSION
GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China-infrared spectrometry (Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile). In addition,OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line.
As shown in Fig.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone(Quick Link,Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine, regardless of the sensor position.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (PE Color Coated/Painted Aluminum Coil for Ceiling).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer,V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc.
Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate.
Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center.
Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining-Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
