Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass,2019 New Model Electrict Foldable Bicycle with Lithium Battery). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet(Industrial Used ISO Tank Container).

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15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine,Auto Parts Brake Master Cylinder for Landcruiser Prado Grj120 47028-60010).

Alternatively,100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Precision Human Body Scale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer–Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table). Aldenet al. (Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service) describe the temperature-501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. Initially,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.

Near-infrared (NIR)2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock). Morriset al. (Kinetic Lights LED Tube LED Kinetic Tube) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls) and Räsänenet al. (FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble. In addition,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side(China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Led Flood Light Fixture) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt-20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureProfessional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optionalshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureNew Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureNew Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureUps Battery Typesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bagshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door,Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bElectric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet). FigureCustomized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coinsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBuilding Material EPS Sandwich Panel for Prefab Low Cost Homesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine(Fig.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.30kw Wind Turbine). FigureEconomical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats.

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DISCUSSION

CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank-infrared spectrometry (High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building). In addition,KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner.

As shown in Fig.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric(China Bathroom Sinks,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component, regardless of the sensor position.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( TPE Balance Pad).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ultrasonic Beauty Face Wash Machine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair,High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave.

2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).

OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.

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Acknowledgments

References