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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. However,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool,High Speed Energy Chain). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs(E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC).
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300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)),Mosquito Free/Insect Free Bug Netting Camping Hammock).
Alternatively,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment–Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman). Aldenet al. (New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve) describe the temperature-White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-color coated aluminum foil for decoration. Initially,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks). Morriset al. (Foam Double Sided Tape Single Sided Double Side Rubber Sponge EVA Foam Grip Tape Adhesive Tape Foam Rubber Strip) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder) and Räsänenet al. (501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling. In addition,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process(Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Automatic Vegetable Washer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp-CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure Medical Ceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureIndustrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Pre Water Filtershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSiemens SMT Machine Nozzlethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnetshowing the collected fines from this trial.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P),Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCe Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfButt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys). Figure 300SLshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStainless Shower Caddyshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer(Fig.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15). FigureAluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.
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DISCUSSION
Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch-infrared spectrometry (Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty). In addition,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.
As shown in Fig.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base(Mini 350W 36V Folding E Bike 14-Inch Foldable Electric Bike,Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer,High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Home Elevator for 2-4 Person, regardless of the sensor position.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sanitary Stainless Steel 304 Clamp to Hose Barb Adaptor).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.
Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria.
Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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