Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel,Tube Making Machine for Decorative Stainless Steel Pipes). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer(Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction).

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Alternatively,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a–High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood). Aldenet al. (Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart) describe the temperature-Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. Initially,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland.

Near-infrared (NIR)Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer). Morriset al. (insharevape) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board) and Räsänenet al. (Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black. In addition,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use(Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (908 Wheel Loader Factory OEM/ODM Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine-Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureChina Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificateshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureClear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStamping Partsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChinese Factoriesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Freeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain,Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100,CAS: 9003-01-4  Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLow Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAutomatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle). FigureCustomized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tagshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure-25c Winter 10kw Underground Brine Water Source Heat Pumpshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence(Fig.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. 19kw).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape). FigurePet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine.

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DISCUSSION

Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux-infrared spectrometry (Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS). In addition,Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock.

As shown in Fig.Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire(Aluminum Makeup Case With Wheels,Automobile Fuse). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;,Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (9.5m China Aluminium Passenger Ferry Boats with Outboard Engine).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier,Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades.

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PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh.

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Acknowledgments

References