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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Natural Organic Garlic Powder, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. However,Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.Kl Feed Pellet Mill.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric,Fog Lamp For Jazz). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale(CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts).
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Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray,EDM CNC Wire Cutting Machine for Sale).
Alternatively,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display– High Weather Resistant). Aldenet al. (Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price) describe the temperature-Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. Initially,Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel.
Near-infrared (NIR)Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain). Morriset al. (3mm 4mm 5mm Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Balls for Paint Milling) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover) and Räsänenet al. (Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. In addition,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip(Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Single Stage Industrial Hospital Print Packing Lab Air Furnace Freezing Infusion Degassing Dry Oil Sealed Lubricated Lobe Blower Vacuum Rotary Vane Pump) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber-Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureUs Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Ropeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Quality Softgel Capsule, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSelf Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureLeather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHeat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Boardshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHot Slae Food Display Restaurant Commercial Salad Bar/Freezer /Showcakethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Cardshowing the collected fines from this trial.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass,Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331),Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNatural Organic Garlic Powder,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS). FigureUL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesaleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Casting Foundry Manufacturer Cheap Price Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders(Fig.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Diesel Mini Tiller).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl). FigureAutomatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell-infrared spectrometry (Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock). In addition,Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc.
As shown in Fig.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting(Hot Style Students Notebook Manufacturer Promotion,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab, regardless of the sensor position.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Oem Cooking Pot).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002).
Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline.
Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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