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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter. However,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler,1300X900mm 100W/130W Reci Metal Laser Engraving Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer(Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt).
42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands).PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel, care must be taken to avoid over-circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping.
Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100),Hose Fittings & Connectors).
Alternatively,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment–Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser). Aldenet al. (DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt) describe the temperature-3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. Initially,Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives.
Near-infrared (NIR)Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( 40FT. L). Morriset al. (Module High Bay Light) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. In addition,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick(High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Women′s Fashion Bracelet Watch Crystal Dial Steel Gold Chain Strap Ladies Gift Dress Luxury Wrist Watches#V349) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003-Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureProduction Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marbleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFactory Supply Fertilizer Pellet Production Plant - Fertilizer Packaging Machine - Exceed then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabricshowing the collected fines from this trial.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians,Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bD-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGermany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder). FigureAluminum Camlock Plugs Fittingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure1.2m 1.6m 2.5m 3m 3.5m Semi-Electric Pallet Stacker with Straddle Legsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock(Fig.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. Acid Red 18 for Textile. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.
(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. FigureMetric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750). FigureLiving Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.
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DISCUSSION
Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc-infrared spectrometry (Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine). In addition,62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.
As shown in Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet(Ammonia Tube Ice Machine,2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Hospital Price,Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate, regardless of the sensor position.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Intelligent Cow Spray Cooling and Ventilation System for Cattle).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.
HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.
Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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