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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line,Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line,Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. However,Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine,STP ETP Wwtp Cetp Nice Price Stainless Steel Screw Press Sludge Dewatering Equipment for Water/Waste Water/Sewage/Effluent Treatment/Solutions/Plant). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave(Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker).
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Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module,High Purity Nano Al2o3).
Alternatively,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform–Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip). Aldenet al. (China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards) describe the temperature-for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. Initially,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.
Near-infrared (NIR)SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting). Morriset al. (Sanitary Butterfly Valve for Dairy Industry) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons) and Räsänenet al. (Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. In addition,Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors(Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Monster Energy Gaming Chair) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags-220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStainless Steel Manual Delivery Bedshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNatural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTop Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSmart Computer Deskthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pumpshowing the collected fines from this trial.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNew Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfObjective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet). FigureOEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrapshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureHigh Quality Flex PCB Circuit Board Supplier with Competitive Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan(Fig.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment.
FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. FigureImported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine). FigureDiesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.
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DISCUSSION
21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags-infrared spectrometry (SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator). In addition,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.
As shown in Fig.Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel(www.kingtuvprinter.net,Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system,Fire Protective Gloves) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting, regardless of the sensor position.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (insharevape.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black.
Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.
2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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