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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric,Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric,Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. However,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (off Grid Solar Power System 3kw,Small Groove Fireproof Rockwool Corrugated Sandwich Panel for Roof and Wall). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy(2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List).
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Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve,D12 X 1.5 mm Large Flat Magnet).
Alternatively,Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine–Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp). Aldenet al. (Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf) describe the temperature-ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. Initially,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).
Near-infrared (NIR)Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence). Morriset al. (Silicone Kitchen Utensils) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs) and Räsänenet al. (Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. In addition,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain(Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Home Use Generator) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution-Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMetalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Capsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSeated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWholesale Price Pear Cut Hydrothermal Emerald Stonethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grainshowing the collected fines from this trial.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle). Figure1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinetshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBrazilian Lace Frontal Closure Loose Wave 13X4 Brazilian Lace Closure Bleached Knots Hairshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler(Fig.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price). FigureAnodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.
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DISCUSSION
Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)-infrared spectrometry (High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine). In addition,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.
As shown in Fig.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers(Banana Female Connector Manufacturers Cheap Price,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017),Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Ceramic Car Mug).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.
Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.
High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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