Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( 40FT. L,Backhoe Loader 45-16 High Quality Supplier). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Silica Defoamer(PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire).

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Alternatively,Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket–Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4). Aldenet al. (6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine) describe the temperature-Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge. Initially,35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h.

Near-infrared (NIR)Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price). Morriset al. (Flat Pin Socket Outlet) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar) and Räsänenet al. (Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps. In addition,GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9(MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Front Cover Gasket) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China-OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureClrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylindershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureModern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

ruichirobot

Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureV&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.High Quality Child Book Printing Service, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndustrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipmentsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureR24688 Track Boltthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Acid Red 18 for Textileshowing the collected fines from this trial.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc,Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bComputer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line). FigureMetric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTactical Gun Bagshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water(Fig.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Hospital Price).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine). FigureLubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582.

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DISCUSSION

OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board-infrared spectrometry (Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf). In addition,Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price.

As shown in Fig.Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare(6mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 500W Dek-1325,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate, regardless of the sensor position.WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hole Mesh Galvanized Slotted Hole Perforated Plate Panel).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.

All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.

Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm.

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Acknowledgments

References