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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS),Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS),Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad. However,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter,Sheet Metal Stamped Bended Welded Parts Stainless). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman(Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%).
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Alternatively,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread–Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner). Aldenet al. (3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net) describe the temperature-China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. Initially,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.
Near-infrared (NIR)OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank). Morriset al. (Suitable for Driving-in Type) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision) and Räsänenet al. (China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. In addition,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card(Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Falling Stone Power Bank (for Samsung Android Phones)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free-Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCasting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Qualityshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSmall Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figureetonsmtauto.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Boxshowing the collected fines from this trial.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts,Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b,Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMost Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting). Figure24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valveshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.fessiecookware.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)(Fig.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy). FigureFan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type(Foot Margin,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L, regardless of the sensor position.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.4nightsz.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape,8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229).
China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts.
Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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