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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Precision Human Body Scale,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Precision Human Body Scale,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble. However,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case,DC-42f Powerful 12/24V DC Compressor Portable Car Fridge Freezer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace(Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete).
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Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24,New PP Knotless Cargo Net Trailer Net Luggage Net).
Alternatively,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains–Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair). Aldenet al. (Kl Feed Pellet Mill) describe the temperature-2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. Initially,New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door.
Near-infrared (NIR)Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box). Morriset al. (Mobility Scooter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet. In addition,1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable(Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Create Your Own Brand) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits-1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePortable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphonesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDouble UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureInnovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSupply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Qualityshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureLuxury Customized MFC Mobile Movable Document Files Cabinetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Headshowing the collected fines from this trial.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane,CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component,Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bForestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfInterpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator). Figure200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adaptershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFaucet Filtershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings(Fig.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power). Figure2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1.
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DISCUSSION
OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor). In addition,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating.
As shown in Fig.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade(New Purlin Steel Stud Roll Forming Machine with Factory,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process, regardless of the sensor position.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (1000base-Lx/Lh Sfp Transceivers).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window.
Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies.
Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
