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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall,Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. However,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China,5 Gallon Pet Bottle Blow Moulding Machine Full Suppliers for Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price(LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light).
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Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts,m.orist-fashion.com).
Alternatively,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine–Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet) describe the temperature-Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. Initially,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna). Morriset al. (Back Flushing Pump Mechanical Fiber Ball Filter for Grease Removal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table) and Räsänenet al. ( Teflon Rod) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. In addition,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical(High Precision Human Body Scale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Travel Duffel Bag) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller-Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSmall High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclaveshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureKiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureEVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDouble Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminalshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBall Ear Clipthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clampsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair,Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFood Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing). Figure2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbudsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCost Of Gabion Retaining Wallshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery(Fig.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging). FigureGermany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting(8 Buttons 7 11 12 Degree Tapered Rock Drill Button Bits Rock Drilling Bits,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644),3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial, regardless of the sensor position.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Sounda Super Quality Blockout PVC Flex Banner).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.
10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.
MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
