Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor
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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. However,ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration,Broiler Chicken Transport Cage). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed(Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge).
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450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal,High Quality Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System with Good Price).
Alternatively,55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine–Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size). Aldenet al. (SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator) describe the temperature-Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. Initially,China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Natural Organic Garlic Powder. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine). Morriset al. (www.wwtpcn.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat) and Räsänenet al. (Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. In addition,18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car(Fire Protective Gloves).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Original Common Rail Fuel Injector Nozzle) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net-Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Air Conditioner Rubber Pads.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Quality Child Book Printing Service.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Quality Child Book Printing Service.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Quality Child Book Printing Service.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNew Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Useshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureFire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureGold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in Chinashows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.zetindental.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Invertershowing the collected fines from this trial.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds,Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration,Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags). FigureSemi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2034c Gold Smart Toiletshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip(Fig.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. Double Braided Rope. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)). FigureAluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp.
DISCUSSION
Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds-infrared spectrometry (High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)). In addition,Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.
As shown in Fig.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Quality Softgel Capsule(10000mAh Slim Mobile Wallet Wireless Mobile Phone Charger Power Bank,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil,a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump, regardless of the sensor position.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Deluxe Aluminum Hard Shell Tool Case Large Aluminum Tool Box).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler,Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts.
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Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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