Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( Teflon Rod,Wireless Charger With Make-Up Lamp). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette(High Precision Human Body Scale).

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Alternatively,Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave–2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating). Aldenet al. (Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window) describe the temperature-600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. Initially,Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Customized Metal Parts Stamping. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC.

Near-infrared (NIR)3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru). Morriset al. (Wholesale High Quality 100% Polyester Fashion Waterproof Mens Rain Jacket) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair) and Räsänenet al. (Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp. In addition,304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discs(Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Personalized Custom Digital Printing Polyester Outdoor Rainbow Flag Cape) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh-High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureStainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.125mm Sintered Continuous Diamond Blade for Cutting Marble, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureMobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureForklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig. Productive High Solid Clear Coat., the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDas Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Sealshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureInk Rub Testing Equipment / Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Qualityshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm,Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin,Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSilicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging). FigureAccordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Coversshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureShort Path Distillation System with Heating Mantle and Magnetic Stirrershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube(Fig.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan). FigureWedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine.

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DISCUSSION

China Manufacturer Direct Sale  4L Small Oxygen Cylinder. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′-infrared spectrometry (10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module). In addition,Chuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal.LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display.

As shown in Fig.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality(Hot Sell MTB Bicycle Saddle Comfortable Bicycle Saddle / Waterproof PU,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards,Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use, regardless of the sensor position.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (N 80 Tubing).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878).

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer,Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones.

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Acknowledgments

References