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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India,High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India,High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229).China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. However,Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer,Sintered alumina ultrafine powders). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L(Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle).
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China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove,Travel Laptop Backpack Durable College School Computer Bag for Men).
Alternatively,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock–6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels). Aldenet al. (42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising) describe the temperature-450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership. Initially,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display.
Near-infrared (NIR)Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser). Morriset al. (Open-End Zipper Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock) and Räsänenet al. (Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. In addition,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale(99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (White PU Conveyor Belt Matt Smooth) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover-Natural Organic Garlic Powder.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Kl Feed Pellet Mill(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Air Conditioner Rubber Pads. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMylar Film Slitting Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Quality Child Book Printing Service. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptorsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCheap Film Faced Plywoodthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipeshowing the collected fines from this trial.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery,Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine,Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits). FigureSDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jarshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNatural Stone White Marble Calacatta Column for Indoor Decorationshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor(Fig.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration.
Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings. FigureCe/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)). FigureCustom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand.
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DISCUSSION
High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum-infrared spectrometry (PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table). In addition,Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.
As shown in Fig.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed(China Food Serving Tray,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet,Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag, regardless of the sensor position.Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Softgel Capsule. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Steel Plate Roll).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer,Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331).
Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine.
500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
