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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter,High Precision Human Body Scale
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter,High Precision Human Body Scale
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. However,Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet,Progeneus Waterproofing Fiber Cement Board Water Proof Board). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging(Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings).
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2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661).Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine,m.gilardinoflooring.com).
Alternatively,Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant–Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator). Aldenet al. (Promotion Carton Knife and Opener) describe the temperature-New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. Initially,3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.
Near-infrared (NIR)Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence). Morriset al. (High Quality and Low Price Hot Rolled Steel Pipe) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price) and Räsänenet al. (High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys. In addition,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet(High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Machine For Cutting Metal) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable-Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDeformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Barshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureRound Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDouble UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245sshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePolyester Quilt Battingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheetshowing the collected fines from this trial.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair,Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane,CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die). FigurePlastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCnc Machining Shaftshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket(Fig.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair.
High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron. FigureHRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)). FigureSmall High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave.
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DISCUSSION
Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts-infrared spectrometry (TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass). In addition,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.
As shown in Fig.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder(m.kseidon.com,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment, regardless of the sensor position.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (chinacarmates.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation.
Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China.
Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
