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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. However,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid,3 Stage Automatic 12V/24V 8A Solar Charge Controller). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow(Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box).
Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality).2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival, care must be taken to avoid over-Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.
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Alternatively,Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet–Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A). Aldenet al. (Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth) describe the temperature-Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. Initially,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.
Near-infrared (NIR)Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China). Morriset al. (Geometric Pyramid Glass Terrarium Planters) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light) and Räsänenet al. (Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. In addition,Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine(55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Polypropylene Sheet Suppliers PVC Foam Board 4*8) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine-High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheetshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustomizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSpot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. Teflon Rod, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFood Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCustomized Size Ntag213/Natg215/Natg216 RFID NFC Epoxy Cardthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Routershowing the collected fines from this trial.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10),Silica Defoamer,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bScrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSpecial Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave). Figure2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seatingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureKota Stone Greenshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;(Fig.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing). FigureBox/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B).
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig. Productive High Solid Clear Coat., the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China(Bt-3 LCD Indoor/Outdoor Digital Hygrometer Thermometer Humidity Monitor,Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm, regardless of the sensor position.Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Cheapest Price Small Groundnut Harvester Suppliers for Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror,Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts.
Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.
Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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