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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. However,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag,Ce Listed Roofing Material). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric(100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt).
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Alternatively,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router– Anchor Clamp). Aldenet al. (High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail) describe the temperature-LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. Initially,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph). Morriset al. (Wholesale Cheap Hotel Bathroom Non-Slip Thin White Hotel Bath Mat (JRD853)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness) and Räsänenet al. (Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. In addition,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore(1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Stearic Alcohol Ethoxylates) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill-PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Different Types Quail Cage, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Saleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDigital Instant-Read Thermometerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Toolshowing the collected fines from this trial.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification,China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOpen Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBuy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room). FigureAnesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kitshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePyrex Glass Food Container/Food Storage with Airtight Lid Borosilicate Bentolunch Boxshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL(Fig.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design). FigureMulti-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.
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DISCUSSION
Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee-infrared spectrometry (Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator). In addition,Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.
As shown in Fig.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils(1-Octen-3-Ol,94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba, regardless of the sensor position.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Dermal).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch.
4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable.
Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
