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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. However,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags,Wholesale Price Aluminum Mountain Bike Frame Electric Bicycle Frame). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S(Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing).
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Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.Good Quality Lift Door Slider, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer,Bota de pulverizador de pintura de corpo de carro).
Alternatively,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding–Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15). Aldenet al. (China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt) describe the temperature-Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. Initially,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty). Morriset al. (Customized Food Storage Glass Mason Jar Glass Container with Metal Lid) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians) and Räsänenet al. (Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. In addition,Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe(Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Lab Roller Mill) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll-ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFood Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHeat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureConcrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Saleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomatic Heading Machine Suppliers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bikeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box,Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light,Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad). FigureCustom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torchshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustomizable 12V 12ah Li-ion Battery Pack for E Bikeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min(Fig.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.
65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. FigureNew Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone). FigureStandard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A.
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DISCUSSION
F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine-infrared spectrometry ( Liquor). In addition,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.
As shown in Fig.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow(Epe Foam Net Machine,8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door, regardless of the sensor position.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Wireless Electrical Smart Socket).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp.
New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.
TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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