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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick
Megan Bojarra
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Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. However,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber,Generator With Compass). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine(Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic).
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Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus,Customized Premium Paper Bag with Security Ribbon Tie).
Alternatively,12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal–PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire). Aldenet al. (Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit) describe the temperature-Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. Initially,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.
Near-infrared (NIR)(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma). Morriset al. (Gearbox Repair Kit) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight) and Räsänenet al. (Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. In addition,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table(Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Steel Material Piston Ring) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate-Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. Oil and Gas Pipeline. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLight Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parkingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Figure10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureCylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Controlshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure316ln Stainless Steel Stripthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Lineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display). Figure High Weather Resistantshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure30ml Plastic Bottleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake(Fig.Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope). FigureHigh Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.
DISCUSSION
Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316-infrared spectrometry (Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer). In addition,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
As shown in Fig.Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump(Heat Exchanger Boiler Heat Resistance Stainless Steel Tube Plate 309S/310S/253mA,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging, regardless of the sensor position.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (250mm Uhp Graphite Electrode Wholesaler Quotes/PriceList).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.
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Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists