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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door,Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door,Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fire Resistance Valve, Hose & Pipe Test Machine, ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922).Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate. However,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sink.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine,Angled Highlight Brush). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts(White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives).
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Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle.Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits.Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket,m.ironwiremeshfactory.com).
Alternatively,Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (circle plate aluminium for traffic sign–Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush). Aldenet al. (10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation) describe the temperature-CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. Initially,Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings.
Near-infrared (NIR)Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line). Morriset al. (2015 Cmc Car Dvd) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling) and Räsänenet al. (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8. In addition,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron(Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Ce Approved of Professional) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Aluminium Shell/Housing for LED Office Lamp/Light (SQ-226)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave-2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDesktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wiresshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDas Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureElectric Ride On Trainthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470tshowing the collected fines from this trial.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bG11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer). FigureMx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchangershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDual Fuel Gas/ Light Oil Burnershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China(Fig.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Screw. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler). FigureRecycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.
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DISCUSSION
16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid-infrared spectrometry (New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine). In addition,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.
As shown in Fig.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap(Tile Neodymium Magnets for Permanent Magnet Generator,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet,Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4, regardless of the sensor position.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.lezpc.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies,Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors.
Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.
Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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