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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating,Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier. However,Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections.API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush,Steel Rain Gutter Forming Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings(10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation).
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6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits,Purified Water Vending Machine).
Alternatively,Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn–Ce Approved of Professional). Aldenet al. (Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making) describe the temperature-Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. Initially,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.
Near-infrared (NIR)Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce). Morriset al. (Trapezoidal and Corrugated Roofing Sheets Roll Forming Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires) and Räsänenet al. (Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting. In addition,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph(Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (5 Sets of Pressure Roller 2kg Retention Testing Machine Testing Wquipment) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing-Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDigital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470tshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMade in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureMax-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAutomatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industryshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure2 Cargo Lashing Ratchet Tie Down Straps with Ergo Ratchetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckleshowing the collected fines from this trial.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting,19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Custom Screw). FigureSemi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstanshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure3d Printer Motor Parts High Quality Suppliershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc(Fig.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality). Figure2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.
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DISCUSSION
Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe-infrared spectrometry (Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine). In addition,Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine.
As shown in Fig.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup(Reusable Twist Cable Tie with Double Iron Wires,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine,Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine, regardless of the sensor position.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (bolt truss).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping.
EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.
China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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