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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. However,Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging,Powder Coated Spiral Wound Gasket Green or Yellow). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou(API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type).
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Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb,China Manufacturer Hot Selling Inconel 600 Nickle Strip Band Price Machinability).
Alternatively,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet–Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine). Aldenet al. (White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives) describe the temperature-Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. Initially,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.
Near-infrared (NIR)New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (WiFi Flat Antenna). Morriset al. (Eco-Friendly Feature 2.5L Water Jug) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections) and Räsänenet al. (2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale. In addition,Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston(circle plate aluminium for traffic sign).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Mann Oil Filter) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry-IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMetal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceilingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureDisposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureUtility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Ce Approved of Professional, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBattery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureIsuzu 8-98145453-0 Valve Measuring Tool 8 98145453 0 Sliver & 8981454530then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wiresshowing the collected fines from this trial.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case,Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOutdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5). FigureHospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAntioxidant Propyl Gallateshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons(Fig.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle). Figure42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.
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DISCUSSION
circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping-infrared spectrometry (Custom Screw). In addition,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.
As shown in Fig.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter(DC-60f Manual Defrost 12V DC Portable Car Fridge Freezer,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve, regardless of the sensor position.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Colorful Outdoor Playground Slide Kids Play Equipment).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.
Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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