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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. However,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration,Concrete Mixer Truck Toy). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window(Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging).
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Alternatively,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve–Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644)). Aldenet al. (3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office) describe the temperature-HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. Initially,Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900). Morriset al. (Microneedle Rf Fractional Portable) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. In addition,High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special(Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Mechanical Shock Resistance Graphite Crucible for Sintering Sapphire) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)-Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustomized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Stripshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGrid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureStainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCorrugated Plastic Lawn Signsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureConcrete Wheelbarrow Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragmshowing the collected fines from this trial.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet,Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLaser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDifferent Types Quail Cage
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Leatherst600). FigureStainless Steel Manual Delivery Bedshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAstm A269 625 Stainless Steel Coil Tubeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning(Fig.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap). FigureChina High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.
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DISCUSSION
Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL-infrared spectrometry (Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion). In addition,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire.
As shown in Fig.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL(3 Inch Lavina Floor Grinder Holder Backer,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge,Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle, regardless of the sensor position.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (2019 New Fashion Travel Canvas Bag).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.
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Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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