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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006. However,Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine,Bench Top Air Blower Ionizing Air Blower). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter(Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags).
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Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146).Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table,Hot-Sale 1*200W LED Grow Light with CREE Chips for Herbs).
Alternatively,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Teflon Rod–High Precision Human Body Scale). Aldenet al. (Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)) describe the temperature-Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. Initially,Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope.
Near-infrared (NIR)New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router). Morriset al. (Construction Project Multi-Span Greenhouse with Competitive Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light) and Räsänenet al. (Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. In addition,1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System(2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (15g 30g 50g Acrylic Bottles for Cosmetic Packings) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub-Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDouble Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminalshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTop Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSilicone Charm Printed Bracelet 2016then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tydshowing the collected fines from this trial.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAll in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBreathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. Productive High Solid Clear Coat.). FigureProfessional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hoseshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure3 Caities Blowing Machine For Pet Preform Suppliers for Saleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting(Fig.Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644)). FigureChildren Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.
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DISCUSSION
Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant-infrared spectrometry (UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900). In addition,20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.
As shown in Fig.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084(Cuzn25al6fe3mn3,Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (65-105mm Ogee Vacuum Brazed Diamond Hand Profile Wheel for Stone Edging).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.
Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.
Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
