Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2,32228 32216 32226 32224 Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord(New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier).

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Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar,Low MOQ for Portable Hunting Blind - Red net 3D maple leaf hunting camouflage suit - Demarui).

Alternatively,Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel–ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts). Aldenet al. (American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair) describe the temperature-Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. Initially,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service.

Near-infrared (NIR)Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale). Morriset al. (Paper Filming EVA Sticker) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. In addition,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House(Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Simple Structure Competitive Price Pan Granulator in Fertilizer Production Line) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line-Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCustomized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Partsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureCe Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureThick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Chargershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureInvestment Casting Pedal Plate Aluminium Die Casting Auto Partsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industryshowing the collected fines from this trial.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe,Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSte200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSize 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical). FigureNylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Partsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTetrahydro-4h-Pyran-4-One / CAS 29943-42-8 / Organic Pharmaceutical Intermediatesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine(Fig.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks). FigureQt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India.

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DISCUSSION

8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge-infrared spectrometry (501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch). In addition,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229).China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil.

As shown in Fig.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building(Floor Socket Box/Cover Type Floor Socket/Electrical Outlet/Underfloor Bottom Boxes,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC,Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts, regardless of the sensor position.ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Medical Ce).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (cnuneed.com).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed,Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality.

Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.

PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box.

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Acknowledgments

References