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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag. However,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity,Big Shackles For Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer(Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock).
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Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price,Hot-Pressed Turbo Diamond Saw Blade for Cutting Granite /Marble /Wall).
Alternatively,Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer–CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining). Aldenet al. (00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board) describe the temperature-Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). Initially,Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.
Near-infrared (NIR)Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette). Morriset al. (High Density Synthetic Artificial Graphite Aluminium Melting Crucible) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid) and Räsänenet al. (Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. In addition,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid(15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Children Bungee Trampoline Manufacturer Adult Jumping Castle Indoor Trampoline Park) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi-Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decorationshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureEasy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureNichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mmshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Acrylic Sports Hats Custom Your Own Design Cap with Embroiderythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Millshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bIndustrial AC POWER Air Compressor,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle). FigureHot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tilesshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.chinacoinsandpins.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray(Fig.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping). FigureBreathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)-infrared spectrometry (GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing). In addition,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.
As shown in Fig.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth(PVC Panels for Ceiling and Wall Decoration,Good Quality Lift Door Slider). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged, regardless of the sensor position.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Prefabricated Building in Warehouse).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China P40 Directional Control Valve).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.
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Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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