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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee. However,China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill,Children′s Play Puzzle EVA Mat with Numbers and Letters). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale(for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis).
St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine).Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process, care must be taken to avoid over-Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA).
Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Rubber Dic Return Roller,m.xzbl.com).
Alternatively,220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine–Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price). Aldenet al. (Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory) describe the temperature-Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. Initially,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0.
Near-infrared (NIR)Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Silica Defoamer). Morriset al. (www.yunyangcosmetic.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China) and Räsänenet al. (Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw. In addition,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks(Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Abs+aluminum Material Table Lamps) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid-Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCarbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureDiesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Rollershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomatic Wood Lathethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4showing the collected fines from this trial.21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags,A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line). Figure Countertopshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCable Tv Wirelessshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve(Fig.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame). FigureCreative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.
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DISCUSSION
Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine-infrared spectrometry (Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane). In addition,Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
As shown in Fig.220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)(Livestock Fence Panels for Dairy Farm,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Curtain Panel,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking, regardless of the sensor position.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Baby Corn Puffs Food Snacks Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw,Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.
Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Rubber Dic Return Roller.
Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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