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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine,Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. However,Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven,Polypropylene Engineering Fibre PP Mesh Fiber Microfiber Fibrillated). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample(Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed).
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Alternatively,China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical–Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts). Aldenet al. (Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool) describe the temperature-2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP. Initially,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)).
Near-infrared (NIR)Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC). Morriset al. (Lk-N12 Ce ISO Dental Contra Angle Low Speed Handpiece) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block) and Räsänenet al. (Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle. In addition,Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator(Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Bed And Sofa In One) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting-Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOpen Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socksshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCe Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACACshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure200W LED COB Zoom Fresnel Studio Video Theater for Stage Lightthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lidshowing the collected fines from this trial.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956,Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bInsect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton). FigureHydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSown Speakers 24 Inch Smart HD Color LCD LED Screen TVshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling(Fig.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory). FigureIce Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089-infrared spectrometry (Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing). In addition,Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.
As shown in Fig.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt(Z100 Galvanized Steel Strip,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy, regardless of the sensor position.Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine,Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.
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ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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