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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. However,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale,Bar Table). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston(High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine).
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PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line.Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter,chinacoinsandpins.com).
Alternatively,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine–Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar). Aldenet al. (P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel) describe the temperature-Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. Initially,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.
Near-infrared (NIR)Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts). Morriset al. (Discount wholesale Rotary Granulator With Fixed Drum - 50,000 Tons/year New Type Granulator Production Line - Exceed ) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair) and Räsänenet al. (Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case. In addition,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill(Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (63V) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil-Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureManufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureMetal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBest Sell Industrial Microwave Ovenshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBitcoin Antminer Supplier & Factorythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shedshowing the collected fines from this trial.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry). FigureSilicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubbershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDeep Well Submersible Pumpsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve(Fig.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman). FigureWholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.
DISCUSSION
Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4-infrared spectrometry (Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks). In addition,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010).Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine.
As shown in Fig.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,off Grid Solar Power System 5kw. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine(Customized Soft Round Cat Bed,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women, regardless of the sensor position.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Dry Type Transformer-Sg Transformer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians,Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).
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CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists