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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. However,Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Precision Human Body Scale,Welded Pipe Fittings). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine(Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)).
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Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave,Lowest Price High Quality Mandelprofi Nut Roaster).
Alternatively,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating–Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window). Aldenet al. (Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru) describe the temperature-High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. Initially,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.
Near-infrared (NIR)Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair). Morriset al. (Flat Glass Pencil Edging Machine (CGYM4320)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal) and Räsänenet al. (Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. In addition,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill(China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (American Flag Pin) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor-Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureSs 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tydshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureFilter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureT Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Qualityshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAlumina Ceramic Platethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decorationshowing the collected fines from this trial.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers). Figure850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboardshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTapered Roller Bearing Jw 9049/9010/ Inch Roller Bearing/Bearing Cup/Bearin Cone/China Factoryshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light(Fig.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes). FigureYaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).
DISCUSSION
Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die-infrared spectrometry (High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform). In addition,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.
As shown in Fig.Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley(Latest Beautiful Rings,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch, regardless of the sensor position.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Customized 3-Phase Nanocrystalline Core Toroidal Filter Inductors).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage,Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts.
Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.
Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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