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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating. However,Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags,Ceramic Tile Coating Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade(Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine).
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SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA).Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft.Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment,Vintage Home Decor Wooden Moulding Framed Mirror).
Alternatively,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures ( Double Braided Rope–Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal). Aldenet al. (Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer) describe the temperature-Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. Initially,Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled.
Near-infrared (NIR)Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine). Morriset al. (Kids Survival Kit) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting) and Räsänenet al. (Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue. In addition,Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw(API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Snack Food Packaging Bag Factory & Manufacturer) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks-Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coilshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCarbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Soft Ice Cream Makershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureTungsten Carbide Wearing Ring for Oil and Gas Industrythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Homeshowing the collected fines from this trial.Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House). FigurePine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVLshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAisi 316 Glass Fin Spider Fittingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security(Fig.China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain.
Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. FigureKIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine). FigureHigh End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board.
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DISCUSSION
Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor-infrared spectrometry (OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels). In addition,G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch.
As shown in Fig.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black(Wood Bird House Model,1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder,Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration, regardless of the sensor position.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Home Filter Element Set 5 PCS UF Ultra Pure Membrane for Domestic UF Ultra Pure Filtration Inline Water Purifier Home Water Purification PP Sediment GAC CTO T33).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.
Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.
Rubber Dic Return Roller. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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