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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery,4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery,4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts..%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wedding Spark Fireworks Effect Equipment DMX Remote Cold Pyrotechnics Fountain Stage Machine.4-20mA 0.5-4.5V Urban Water Supply Level Pressure Transmitter. However,China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder.Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment,IP68 Environmental PA66 Nylon Plastic Cable Gland Pg7~Pg48). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve(Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid).
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High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber.Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator.New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality,Customized Wooden Trophy).
Alternatively,Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press–Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet). Aldenet al. (Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A) describe the temperature-Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer. Initially,Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth). Morriset al. (Marble Compact Crosscut Saw) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China) and Räsänenet al. (LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn. In addition,Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires(Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.nbtopvision.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer-Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Automated Fue Extraction Devices, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChildren Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bagsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureRifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAgricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Precision Human Body Scaleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.baotn.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)showing the collected fines from this trial.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun,Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard,Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light). FigureSmall High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclaveshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureIsuzu Mobile Fuel Bowser Truck Oil Refueling Truck 5000 Liters for Zambiashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet(Fig.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds). Figure1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes.
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DISCUSSION
Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone-infrared spectrometry (Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd). In addition,2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal.
As shown in Fig.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot(Blue Mesh Manufacturers Cheap Price, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose,Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V, regardless of the sensor position.650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5),Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign.
Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose.
Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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