Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier,Boiler Hot Water Feed Multistage Pump). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch(Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter).

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Alternatively,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts–American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair). Aldenet al. (Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale) describe the temperature-Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler. Initially,Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-World Flag Mini Car Flags. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors.

Near-infrared (NIR)Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine). Morriset al. (Electronic Power Control Switchable Glass Dimming Glass) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm) and Räsänenet al. (Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder. In addition,Good Quality Lift Door Slider(Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Domestic Copper Wire Self-Priming Booster Pump with Stainless Steel Impeller) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock-UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigurePlastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleevesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureFocusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureGalvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureRotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industryshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure99%Min EDTA Tetra Sodium EDTA 4na with Competitive Pricethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubbershowing the collected fines from this trial.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine,Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine,4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts). FigureYellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Woolshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLldpe Roll Stretch Filmshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer(Fig.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder). Figure25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper.

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DISCUSSION

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As shown in Fig.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats(Delixi Cm1 Series 3p 100 AMP 3 Phase MCCB 3 Pole MCCB Circuit Breaker,PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Medical Ce) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits, regardless of the sensor position.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Roller Shutter Switch).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.

2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.

Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame.

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Acknowledgments

References