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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. However,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose,Aisle Runners Carpet Married Home Full Floor Mat Non-Slip Welcome Blanket Exhibition Commercial Stair Mat Stage Thickening Mat). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet(Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)).
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Alternatively,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2–New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier). Aldenet al. (Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter) describe the temperature-SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. Initially,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine). Morriset al. (Greenhouse Micro Sprinkler) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar) and Räsänenet al. (P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. In addition,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine(ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Giant Sardine Companies in Vegetable Oil) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special-LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTop Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunmshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGrid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Partsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAutomatic Hang Plating Production Line Equipment for Metal Parts Electreoplating Rack Electroplating Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleevesshowing the collected fines from this trial.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker,OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLiving Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven). FigurePrefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shedshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureInsulated Butt Copper Wire Connector (PVC) Butt Splice Terminalshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Different Types Quail Cage(Fig.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative). FigureSmall Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.
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DISCUSSION
Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth-infrared spectrometry (New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment). In addition,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.
As shown in Fig.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle(Glass Bottles Cosmetic Packaging,New 8657A031 Freewheel Clutch Control Solenoid Valve for Mitsubishi Pajero Montero Shogun K5t47776 Solenoid Valve). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units, regardless of the sensor position.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (2017 Well Drape Balackout Window Fabric of Curtain).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.
Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.
850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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