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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid. However,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display.High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs,Large Span Roof). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches(Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum).
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Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts,www.puyerinternationalgroup.com).
Alternatively,Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace–Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator). Aldenet al. (Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair) describe the temperature-Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court. Initially,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine). Morriset al. (Heavy Duty 12ton Jack Stand Chock Ultimate Car Lift Kit) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier) and Räsänenet al. (Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security. In addition,Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve(Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.xzbl.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain-Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coatingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Rovingshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHistology Prepared Microscope Slidesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Home Elevator for 2-4 Personshowing the collected fines from this trial.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPolished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector). FigureKetchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChameleon Unicorn Holographic Glitter Nail Art Manicure Laser Pigment Powdershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection(Fig.Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm). FigureHandy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair-infrared spectrometry (Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock). In addition,CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.
As shown in Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys(Travel Outdoor Backpacks Hiking Rucksack Carry on Laptop Bag Large Mens Knapsack Oxford,Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price,11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler, regardless of the sensor position.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.World Flag Mini Car Flags: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Power Pack).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder,Good Quality Lift Door Slider. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA.
Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.
Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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